Sources and artwork

Introductory reading

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/psychology-2e Selected sections were consulted on October 30 and 31, 2026 for introductory definitions, comparisons and teaching context.

• What is psychology?: related textbook section
• How do we know?: related textbook section
• Brain and body: related textbook section
• Sensation and perception: related textbook section
• Learning: related textbook section
• Thinking and language: related textbook section
• Memory: related textbook section
• Emotion: related textbook section
• Development: related textbook section
• Personality: related textbook section
• Social life: related textbook section
• Mental health: related textbook section

Reading behind the illustrations

Each visual guide names its sources and the scope of inspection. Textbook passages and institutional summaries provide background; the examples, diagrams and practice questions were prepared for this site.

• AERA, APA and NCME: Standards for educational and psychological testing (2014). (n.d.). https://www.testingstandards.net/uploads/7/6/6/4/76643089/standards_2014edition.pdf

  Selected PDF extracted text: Validity opening printed p11; Standards1.0-1.2 printed p23; reliability opening printed p33 (PDF20,32,42).

• American Statistical Association. (2016, March 7). American Statistical Association releases statement on statistical significance and p-values [Press release]. https://www.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/p-valuestatement.pdf

  Selected PDF passages on effect magnitude and practical importance, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• APA: Psychology subfields. (n.d.). https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/subfields

  Institutional field summary consulted

• Bazerman, M. H. (2026). Judgment and decision making. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. DEF Publishers. https://nobaproject.com/modules/judgment-and-decision-making

  Selected rendered passages on anchoring and framing, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2012, May 20). InBrief: Executive function. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbriefs/inbrief-executive-function/

  Selected rendered explanation of working memory, mental flexibility and self-control.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026, May 12). Mental health stigma. https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/stigma/index.html

  Selected rendered passages on self-stigma, public and structural stigma, and reducing barriers to support.

• Cialdini and colleagues: Managing social norms for persuasive impact (2006). (n.d.). https://www.fs.usda.gov/psw/publications/winter/psw_2006_winter001.cialdini.pdf

  Selected PDF extracted text: Title/abstract and introductory norm distinctions; selected methods context also surfaced.

• Detail. (n.d.). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Risk/protective factors and community-care passages.

• Education endowment foundation: Scaffolding. (n.d.). https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/early-years/high-quality-interactions/scaffolding

  Rendered main text: Temporary task support and challenge-adjustment paragraphs.

• Emory news: Ulric neisser, cognitive psychology pioneer, dies. (n.d.). https://news.emory.edu/stories/2012/03/ulric-neisser-cognitive-psychology-pioneer-dies

  The institutional obituary body was inspected for Neisser’s work in cognition, memory and perception, including his 1967 book Cognitive Psychology.

• Illowsky, B., & Dean, S. (2023). Introductory statistics 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/introductory-statistics-2e/pages/2-5-measures-of-the-center-of-the-data

  Selected rendered explanations and numerical examples on mean and median, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Illowsky, B., & Dean, S. (2023). Introductory statistics 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/introductory-statistics-2e/pages/2-7-measures-of-the-spread-of-the-data

  Selected rendered explanations and tables on variability, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Irwing, P., Hughes, D. J., Tokarev, A., & Booth, T. (2023). Towards a taxonomy of personality facets. European Journal of Personality, 38(3), 494–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231200919

  Rendered abstract and introduction: Irwing et al., abstract and hierarchical facets paragraphs.

• McRae, K., & Gross, J. J. (n.d.). McRae and gross: Emotion regulation (2020). https://digitalcommons.du.edu/psychology_faculty/203/

  Rendered abstract: McRae & Gross (2020), abstract only.

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022a, March 24). How sleep works: Sleep phases and stages. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep/stages-of-sleep

  Selected rendered passages: non-REM stages and changes across the night.

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022b, March 24). How sleep works: Your sleep/wake cycle. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep/sleep-wake-cycle

  Selected rendered passages: environmental cues and the biological need for sleep.

• NIDCD: Taste disorders. (n.d.). https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/taste-disorders

  Selected rendered passages: How does your sense of taste work: flavor-combination paragraphs.

• NIMH: Psychotherapies. (n.d.). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies

  Selected rendered passage: Psychotherapy and other options.

• Noba: Personality assessment. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/personality-assessment

  Selected rendered passages: Informant ratings subsection.

• Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.xConsulted source

  Publisher abstract only: delayed recall and confidence in two experiments. The practice sequences are original teaching organizers.

• Soto and John: Optimizing the length, width, and balance of a personality scale (2019). (n.d.). https://www.colby.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Soto_John_2019.pdf

  Selected PDF extracted text: Title/abstract, BFI2 measure description printed447/PDFpage4 and self/peer-report context.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-2-history-of-psychology

  Selected historical overview passages inspected

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-3-contemporary-psychology

  Selected field descriptions inspected; Selected rendered passages: Selected biopsychology, developmental/personality, I-O, health, clinical/counseling and forensic passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-3-neo-freudians-adler-erikson-jung-and-horney

  Selected Jung and Horney passages were inspected for their historical placement in psychodynamic approaches. Specific theories are presented as their proposals.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/9-2-lifespan-theories

  The Vygotsky sociocultural subsection was inspected for the role of social, cultural and historical context in development.; Selected rendered passage on conservation in Piaget’s approach, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/9-3-stages-of-development

  The attachment subsection was inspected for Ainsworth’s Strange Situation research and the secure-base idea in caregiver-child relationships.; Selected rendered passages: Ainsworth/Strange Situation/secure base passages.; Selected rendered passage on theory of mind, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-4-observational-learning-modeling

  Selected Bandura passages were inspected for observational learning, modeling and cognitive processes in learning.; Selected rendered passages: Bandura/modeling attention-retention-reproduction-motivation passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-1-what-is-psychology

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Empirical evidence and methods passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/2-3-analyzing-findings

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Sampling/assignment, analysis, reliability/validity passages; operational definitions, replication, blinded scoring passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-2-cells-of-the-nervous-system

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Cell anatomy, synapse and electrochemical signaling passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-1-sensation-versus-perception

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Transduction, sensory adaptation, attention passages.; Selected rendered passages on absolute and difference thresholds, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-2-classical-conditioning

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Extinction/recovery selected passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-1-how-memory-functions

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected retrieval passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Retrieval subsection; working-memory subsection.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-3-problems-with-memory

  Selected reconstruction and wording-effect passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Misinformation paradigm and encoding failure passages; interference subsection.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/10-4-emotion

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Opening components and major theories passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/9-1-what-is-lifespan-development

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Domains and research methods passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-1-human-genetics

  Selected gene-environment interaction passages inspected

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-7-trait-theorists

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected trait-dimension passages inspected

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-4-conformity-compliance-and-obedience

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Compliance/normative/informational influence passages.; Selected rendered passage on group polarization, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-1-what-are-psychological-disorders

  Selected definitions and context passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Clinical significance and distress/function/culture selected passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-3-operant-conditioning

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Four-cell definitions, reinforcement/punishment, shaping; schedule definitions.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-3-parts-of-the-nervous-system

  Selected introductory passages inspected

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-4-ways-to-enhance-memory

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Distributed practice selected bullets; chunking passage.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/10-1-motivation

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Intrinsic/extrinsic definitions and context passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-1-what-is-social-psychology

  Selected introductory passages inspected

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/2-2-approaches-to-research

  Selected introductory passages inspected; Selected rendered passages: Longitudinal/cross-sectional subsection.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/2-4-ethics

  Selected rendered passages: Consent/review/debriefing selected passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-4-the-brain-and-spinal-cord

  Selected rendered passages: Reflex passage; plasticity search no match.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-5-the-endocrine-system

  Selected rendered passages: Opening gland/hormone receptor passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-6-gestalt-principles-of-perception

  Selected rendered passages: Proximity/similarity/continuation/closure passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-3-vision

  Selected rendered passages: Depth perception subsection.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-5-the-other-senses

  Selected rendered passages: Chemical senses opening.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/14-1-what-is-stress

  Selected rendered passages: Appraisal and coping-resources passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-4-learning-approaches

  Selected rendered passages: Self-efficacy subsection.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-9-personality-assessment

  Selected rendered passages: Self-report inventories subsection.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-3-attitudes-and-persuasion

  Selected rendered passages: Dissonance subsection and attitude example.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-6-aggression

  Selected rendered passages: Bystander/diffusion passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-5-prejudice-and-discrimination

  Selected rendered passages: Definitions/table and examples.; Selected rendered passages on social identity and self-fulfilling expectations, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/15-2-diagnosing-and-classifying-psychological-disorders

  Selected rendered passages: Diagnosis/complexity/classification selected passages.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognition

  Selected rendered passages on concepts and prototypes, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-2-language

  Selected rendered passage on syntax, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-3-problem-solving

  Selected rendered passages on algorithms, heuristics and functional fixedness, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-5-measures-of-intelligence

  Selected rendered passage on standardization and norm groups, reviewed in the topic-selection research.

• U.S. Census Bureau. (2021, October 8). A basic explanation of confidence intervals. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/saipe/guidance/confidence-intervals.html

  Selected rendered explanation of interval estimates and repeated-sampling coverage.

• University of michigan research center for group dynamics: History. (n.d.). https://rcgd.isr.umich.edu/leadership-mission/history/

  The founding section was inspected for Lewin’s group dynamics research and attention to the relationship between people and their social environments.

• website, N. (n.d.). Mental health assessments. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/social-care-and-your-rights/mental-health-assessments/

  Rendered main guidance passages: Assessment topics, explanation and shared decisions.

• What is a school psychologist? (n.d.). National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). https://www.nasponline.org/about-school-psychology/what-is-a-school-psychologist

  Selected main text was inspected by the coordinating agent for school psychologists’ work in learning, behavior, mental health, data-informed decisions and family-school relationships.

• Yao, D. (n.d.). BrainFacts/SfN: How does the brain learn from experience? https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/learning-and-memory/2024/how-does-the-brain-learn-from-experience-052924

  Selected rendered article passages: Plasticity definition and expert interview opening.

The two tree illustrations organize a selection of contributors and fields. Their branches help readers find related questions and areas of work.

Artwork notes

The collection combines illustrations produced with the built-in image-generation tool and diagrams drawn with code. The sampling and assignment diagram and the norm-group title were revised after the October 31, 2026 audit. The diagrams use original vector artwork, checked labels and reproducible numerical examples. All 100 guides use the Psy101 palette. Captions were revised for direct explanations, and review passes examined source claims, teaching examples and diagram structure. HTML companions provide readable versions of the labels and ideas.

Read the generation and revision records